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Additional info for A History of the English Language (2006) (John Benjamins)

Sample text

Sami). Free translation Ohtere said to his lord, King Alfred, that he of all Norsemen northmost lived. He said that he lived in that land northward along the Westsea (sea to the west of Norway). He said, however, that that land is very far north from there, but that it is all a wasteland except in a few places where Sami live (nomadically) here and there. Chapter 3 Before Old English In Chapters 1 and 2, we briefly explained that English originated around 450, when Germanic tribes first settled in Britain.

Chapter 2. English Spelling, Sounds, and Grammar In Old English, the main functions of the nominative (NOM) are subject — se cyning in (12) — and subject predicate, se cyning in (13): (12) Se cyning for ofer Humbre muþan the-NOM king-NOM went over Humbre mouth ‘The king went across the mouth of the Humber’. (adapted from Chron 867) (13) þæt is se cyning that is the-NOM king-NOM ‘that is the king’. ’ (Chronicle A, for the year 877) By the way, what Modern English words do you think stede and gyrnde are related to?

The [a] of father and Chicago becoming [æ], and the [æ] raising in turn. The Southern Vowel Shift has the back vowels fronting and the front vowels shifting position. Canadian Raising involves the raising of the first part of [aj], as in ice, to [%j] and [aw] in house to [%w]. The change occurs only before voiceless consonants, and the result is that the vowels in ice and eyes are different. Notice that, for reasons not understood, the vowel changes typically start as raising or fronting. In Section 1, we examined a spelling irregularity involving [k].

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