By Luis de Lecea; J Gregor Sutcliffe
ISBN-10: 038725000X
ISBN-13: 9780387250007
The hypocretins (orexins) are a newly pointed out (1998) peptide family members created from peptides, hypocretin-1 and hypocretin-2. contemporary observations recommend an involvement of those peptides, situated basically within the hypothalmus, within the rules of behavioral kingdom. they're fascinated about circadian rhythms, metabolism, hormone secretion, physique temperature, urge for food, cardiovascular services (e.g., blood pressure), and sleep abnormalities (e.g., narcolepsy and cataplexy)
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Sample text
REM SLEEP-RELATED SYMPTOMS Characteristics of “abrupt arrests” were very different from those of quiet behavioral states with decreased overt activity, as well as from normal transitions into sleep. They were specifically recognized by the abrupt cessation of purposeful motor activity associated with sudden, sustained change in posture that was maintained throughout the episode, ending abruptly with complete resumption of purposeful motor activity (Fig. 2,5 Essentially, the episodes looked as if a behavioral switch had been turned “off” and then “on”.
Modified from ref. 5). RODENT MODELS OF HUMAN NARCOLEPSY-CATAPLEXY 33 EEG/EMG recordings concurrent with videotaping further differentiated gradual arrests from abrupt ones. As described above, abrupt arrests were accompanied either by direct transition from wakefulness to REM sleep or to the pre-REM stage with atonia in both orexin-/- and OX2R-/- mice (Fig. 2A). In contrast, EEG/EMG correlates of gradual arrests in both orexin-/- and OX2R-/- mice invariably revealed the onset of attenuated muscle tone, but not atonia, and an EEG transition from wakefulness to non-REM sleep (Fig.
OX1R is selective for orexin-A, whereas OX2R is a nonselective receptor for both orexin-A and orexin-B. 5. 10 These studies provide strong evidences for the roles of OX2R in regulating the vigilance state in human and animals. 9 Double receptor knockout (OX1R- and OX2R-null) mice appear to have the same phenotype of prepro-orexin knockout mice, suggesting that OX1R also has additional effects on sleep/wakefulness. These findings suggest that loss of signaling through both receptor pathways is necessary for emerging all of narcoleptic characteristics.
Hypocretins : integrators of physiological functions by Luis de Lecea; J Gregor Sutcliffe
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