Get The Art of Computer Networking PDF

By Russell Bradford

ISBN-10: 0321306767

ISBN-13: 9780321306760

 

A focussed and sensible textual content compatible for a primary path in desktop Networking.

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Also, the standard was so complex that only poor implementations of OSI were made, while the simpler layering of TCP/IP was fairly easy to make run well. 7 / COMPARING OSI AND INTERNET MODELS 21 the Internet model). It appears that seven was chosen as IBM already had a seven layer protocol (Systems Network Architecture, SNA). It is important to realize that layering is there for structuring only. Layers must be followed for interoperability, but they need not be followed for implementation. The TCP/IP model is not all-singing, all-dancing either, it does have problems.

This is not so bad, but it is correspondingly worse with 100Mb and higher rates. Cat 5 cable is rated to 100 MHz so we can’t use Manchester encoding for 100Mb Ethernet. The encoding is more subtle. It uses a 4B/5B system, meaning that four data bits are encoded into five physical bits. Thus four consecutive zero bits 0000 become the five bits 11110, say. Physical representations are called symbols and they need not be binary valued. A couple of extra 5B patterns are used for frame start and end, and one for ‘idle network’ (to maintain synchronization).

They look the same electrically. The sender and receiver need to be accurately synchronized to the starts and ends of bits, since with a long strings of ones or zeros they could drift out of step. This means that, for example, the sender might send 1000 ones, but the receiver could think that it was only 999 ones. A long stream of ones would be encoded as a steady 1 V on the wire, namely a DC voltage. , an AC voltage. A similar problem happens with the lasers in an optical system: it is not too good to have continuous laser beams representing a stream of ones.

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The Art of Computer Networking by Russell Bradford


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